Integrated Management of Important Pests and Diseases of Shallots

Shallot is one of the leading commodities of vegetables which is cultivated by farmers intensively from the lowlands (<1 m dpal) to the highlands (> 1000 m dpal). The commodity is cultivated intensively because it is a commodity that has high economic value to sustain the economy of local and national communities in Indonesia. Shallot commodities are also a source of income and employment opportunities that contribute high to the regional economic development. Therefore, various efforts were made to increase the development of planting area, productivity and onion production to meet local, national and export needs to encourage the growth of the country's foreign exchange from the non-oil and gas sector. The main limiting factor that affects the productivity of shallots is the attack of plant-disturbing organisms (pests) whose types and extent of damage vary between time and space. The threat of production from the onion pest group is felt by all onion farmers in the regency and / or other regions in Indonesia, especially in the Regency of Gianyar. There are six important groups of pests that are harmful to onion plants, namely onion grayak caterpillar (S. exigua, S. litura), leaf miner flies (Liriomyza spp), Thrips parpivinus, T. palmi, Fusarium oxysporum, spotting purple (Alternaria pori) and Anthrax. Efforts to protect plants against these pest threats since 1986 The Government has issued Presidential Instruction No. 3 of 1986 as a milestone in IPM in Indonesia. Then it was reaffirmed in Law No. 12 of 1992 concerning crop cultivation systems which stated that crop protection was carried out with the IPM system. However, pest control on shallots is still relying on the use of chemical pesticides, while other methods of control have not been done much. IPM on shallots as a solution to the pest attack needs to strike a balance between environmental dimensions and economic efficiency in the context of sustainable management of its ecosystem. Therefore IPM strategies must synergize all compatible pest and disease control techniques or methods based on ecological and economic principles. The operational principles used in IPM are (1) healthy plant cultivation, (2) conservation of natural enemies, (3) integrated ecosystem monitoring, and (4) realizing active farmers as IPM experts. For that reason, in 2018, assessment activities will be carried out implementation of integrated pest and disease management (IPM) on onion plants in Gianyar Regency whose activities include (1) evaluating the implementation of IPM onions that have been and are being carried out by farmers, (2) identifying the types and populations of important pests in onion plants in Gianyar through a survey at onion plant development sites in several districts of Gianyar Regency. The results of the survey were discussed in a special focus group discussion (FGD) with field officers and onion farmers to find a joint solution about the pest problem. Other activities are (3) conducting demonstration plots of IPM technology on shallots aimed at obtaining technology packages that are able to anticipate important or dominant pest attacks on shallots in Gianyar district. Before the demonstration plot was carried out, (4) Technical briefing on the technology that needed to be implemented in the demonstration plot. The results of the FGD activities and the demonstration plot were then poured into a special book on Technology about Integrated Management of Pests and Important Diseases of Shallots in Gianyar Regency. The compiled book contains seven chapters namely Chapter I outlining the existence and essence and position of shallots as leading and strategic commodities that make a real contribution to the country's income and foreign exchange from the non-oil and gas sector and a description of the essence of IPM as a solution to the problem of pests that are a factor limited production and quality of onion production in Indonesia and the region. While Chapter II describes the aspects of onion cultivation from the requirements for growing shallots, cultivation techniques from land preparation, seeds to harvest and post-harvest. Chapter III specifically describes the bioecology and attack of pests - diseases of shallot plants, Chapter IV specifically discusses the control of pests and diseases of onion plants at the farm level which includes farmers' understanding of pests, control technology, control efforts undertaken by farmers and problems experienced by farmers in controlling. Chapter V deals specifically with the concepts, policies and strategies for integrated pest control, Chapter VI deals specifically with the empowerment of farmers and field officers, and finally Chapter VII concludes. The purpose and purpose of writing this book is to facilitate farmers and officials to facilitate their access to information related to cultivation procedures and to make efforts to control important pests on shallots. At the end of this book, a standard operational procedure for the onion cultivation procedure is attached. Hopefully this book can provide benefits for farmers and officers and or those who carry out onion cultivation.