Cultural Tourism as a Development Model for Bali Tourism.

Whether we realize it or not, current tourism development is more oriented towards economic returns and is haunting tourism development in a number of developing countries. This approach has the main objective of exploring and developing the potential of natural and socio-cultural resources that tend to eliminate the potential of local human resources. Almost all countries recognize that tourism has considerable potential in increasing economic growth. Various tourism potentials are explored and utilized to support various economic activities, create new jobs, earn foreign exchange, and other economic motives.

For Bali Province, the tourism sector has long been the prima donna of foreign exchange earners. The tourism sector's contribution to Bali's regional income from year to year continues to increase, compared to other sectors. However, the policies for developing the tourism sector that have been implemented so far have often received attention from various parties.

This fact reflects that various tourism activities and facilities in Bali are more concentrated in the South Bali region. This has had a number of impacts. The first impact is the widening of the economic gap between residents in the South Bali region and residents in other parts of Bali. In addition, the increasing population density in the South Bali region is due to the increasing flow of job seeker migration in the tourism sector and other related sectors. The increasing threat to the resilience of local cultural identity, especially the culture of the people of South Bali, is another impact that is being felt. Followed by the increasing potential for conflict caused by increasingly fierce competition in competing for the same sources of fortune. Another impact is the increasing threat to the quality and carrying capacity of the environment in the South Bali region.

The romanticism of tourism which is accompanied by assumptions about the resilience of the tourism industry against various crises seems to have influenced people to make the decision to migrate to Bali. Like the proverb "there is sugar there is ants", the sparkling world of tourism not only attracts tourists to come to visit, but also stimulates the presence of migrants to fight for good fortune in this area. In addition, the multi-dimensional crisis phenomenon that has hit this country for a long time has increasingly encouraged people in various regions to migrate to Bali, while on the other hand, local residents who do not benefit from the tourism sector choose to leave their homeland to seek new hope in the transmigration area. This is a very ironic phenomenon which can be interpreted as an unfair policy which in turn can lead to public distrust of the government.

This fact reflects that various tourism activities and facilities in Bali are more concentrated in the South Bali region. This has had a number of impacts. The first impact is the widening of the economic gap between residents in the South Bali region and residents in other parts of Bali. In addition, the increasing population density in the South Bali region is due to the increasing flow of job seeker migration in the tourism sector and other related sectors. The increasing threat to the resilience of local cultural identity, especially the culture of the people of South Bali, is another impact that is being felt. Followed by the increasing potential for conflict caused by increasingly fierce competition in competing for the same sources of fortune. Another impact. The development of tourism shows that there is a gap in the development of tourism areas in South Bali with the areas of East Bali and North Bali. This is due to several developed tourism areas (Nusa Dua, Kuta, Sanur and Ubud) which are located in the South Bali region. With the development of the area, it will be able to attract activities that support tourism activities directly or indirectly, so that the area becomes rapidly developing with all the impacts it causes.

The development of tourism areas has not fully considered sustainable area development, as seen from the occurrence of:

irregularities and increased development that hinders the vista towards the lake, especially along the route between Penelokan-Tulisan which is a strategic location for overlooking Lake Batur and Mount Batur. The development of development in coastal areas which neglects the coastal ecosystem, so that vista and public access to the beach is limited and there is degradation of the coastal ecosystem, coastal erosion. There have been human violations and their structures that have disturbed the character of nature, such as in Candidasa, Lovina and Sanur. There was an increase in coastal erosion, such as: on the beach of Candidasa, Lebih, Tegal Besar, Sanur, Kelating, Pengambengan, Lovina. There are several subak drought (lack of water), such as in Selemadeg and other subordinate areas due to the sharing of springs with tourism interests.

In subsequent developments, while maintaining cultural tourism as the dominant feature, other types of tourism have also developed as supporting alternatives. The types of tourism in Bali based on the complementarity of tourism potentials and motives are: cultural tourism, convention tourism, spiritual tourism, environmental tourism, agricultural tourism, and others.

Responding to the development of tourism in the Bali region which shows an increasing trend, the Bali Regional Government through Perda No. 3 of 1974, stipulates that the type of tourism developed in the Bali area is cultural tourism. Cultural tourism is one type of tourism which in its development is supported by cultural factors. The culture in question is Balinese culture inspired by Hinduism. This concept is based on the proposition that culture functions towards tourism according to a linear and one-way relationship pattern. In its application, this concept tends to be interpreted as an objectification of culture in which culture is positioned solely as an object for the sake of tourism.

The concept of cultural tourism development is considered very important and relevant considering that tourism as a modern phenomenon has a number of consequences for the culture of the local community or the host. The development of tourism at a certain level besides bringing positive benefits to the economy, it also often poses a threat to the existence of host culture. Realizing this, the concept of cultural tourism development should not be interpreted as an effort to explore and develop cultural potential as a mere tourism commodity, but also as an effort to preserve and empower local culture. Likewise, an eco-friendly tourism development approach requires management and utilization of ecological potential as a tourist attraction which is also a conservation effort.