Spatial Orientation, Settlement Pattern and the Potent of Tourism.
19/01/2021 Views : 498
I DEWA GEDE AGUNG DIASANA PUTRA
Settlement patterns in the villages
around Mount Lempuyang (Bisbis) and Bukit Seraya show differences from one
another. Most of them show that kaja-kelod
is a reference orientation for placing various zoning of village areas from the
sacred zone to the profane zone, although there are villages that use other
terms to place sacred-profane zoning such as hulu-teben which is different from kaja-kangin such as villages are generally in Bali. The variations
and uniqueness that have been explored in this first year still leave a very
important question related to the uniqueness and variation of the patterns of
traditional houses in each village. Will the settlement pattern be compatible
with traditional house patterns? These uniqueness and variations need to be
explored more deeply in the second year, where we see the influence of spatial
orientation on traditional housing, which is then explored as well as the
influence of these settlement patterns with traditional housing patterns.
The existence of differences in spatial orientation
creates the uniqueness of human settlements in this area compared to other
areas in Bali. In general, the traditional spatial orientations in Bali, kaja-kelod and kangin-kauh, are aligned
with the global spatial orientation (north-south and east-west). The kangin-kauh direction is in line with
the east-west direction. Its position, which is in line and is opposite poles,
is an important aspect in determining the direction of sacred-profane spaces
and each direction occupied by certain gods. This spatial and spiritual
orientation is used as the basis for traditional housing and residential
spatial planning in Bali in general. However, several villages, especially in
eastern Bali, have axes of kaja-kelod
and kangin-kauh, which are not
generally accepted and are very unique and local in character. There are also
villages where the kaja-kelod and kangin-kauh directions are not in line
and are not opposite poles. The uniqueness of this spatial orientation has the
potential to influence and create unique and specific variations in the spatial
patterns of traditional residential and residential areas in this area.
The orientation for the Balinese people is their awareness
of cosmological laws. Orientation is based on the concept of polarity in which
the world or environment is constructed as opposite poles or cosmic antagonisms
such as mountain-sea or sacred - profane. The spatial orientation affects the
spatial configuration and shape of the physical landscape of Bali, including
the layout of villages, holy places and people's houses. The consecrated
direction in which the gods reside in the mountains or high places is known as kaja. While the opposite direction is
called kelod, which means heading out
to sea.
Furthermore, the concept of this orientation is also
influenced by the condition of the Bali mountains, where the plateau is located
in the middle of the island which extends from west to east. This causes the kaja and kelod to change depending on the location. In general, the spatial
orientation in Bali is divided into two parts, namely southern and northern
Bali. Kaja is north and kelod is south in the southern part of
Bali and vice versa. On the other hand, kangin
and kauh are fixed directions where kangin is the direction of the rising
sun and kauh is the direction of the
setting sun. Kangin where the sun
rises, which brings light and life is the holy direction whereas on the
contrary, kauh, where the sun sets is
the profane area. The two main directions, kaja-kelod
and kangin-kauh, are a system of
coordinates and orientation, ritual behavior and the arrangement of social
spaces. Meanwhile the kaja / kangin, kelod / kauh, kelod / kangin, and kaja / kauh directions as intercardinal
directions are also used by the community. Each of the eight cardinal
directions refers to a god and a certain color, which is used in religious
activities called gods nawa sanga as well as in arranging
residential and housing spaces.
However, several areas in the eastern part of Bali,
especially in villages located in the eastern part of Bali, have a different
orientation direction. Unlike the villages in general which refer to the
highlands in the central part of Bali that stretch from West to East, the
villages in this area are oriented towards 2 mountains which are not very high
but have an important meaning. This area includes several villages including
Seraya Village to the south. In this village, like other villages in South
Bali, kaja is north and kangin is east. However, other villages
that are nearby show different things. The kaja
in each village remains oriented towards the top of the mountain so that its
direction, when viewed from a common cardinal direction, keeps changing.
Meanwhile, unlike other villages in Bali where the kangin and kauh
directions are fixed, the kangin
direction, for example, continues to change according to location.