THE DYNAMICS OF TEMPLE DEVELOPMENT INBALI IS ASSESSED FROM THE CULTURAL HERITAGE APROACH

THE DYNAMICS OF TEMPLE  DEVELOPMENT IN BALI IS ASSESSED

FROM THE CULTURAL HERITAGE APPROACH

by

Putu Rumawan Salain

 Architecture Department -Faculty of Engineering

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

The development dynamics of Pura in Bali not only dwell from a mere angle of quantity, but also stuck on quality issues, with the shadows of interests such as: beauty, strength, capacity, parking, and life time. This dynamic will be faced directly with the interests of heritage and cultural reserves. Cultural heritage is not intended as a barrier but more to its preservation and utilization efforts as a useful historical asset for the future, even very likely to improve the welfare of society.

Pura comes from Sanskrit with the roots of Pur which is generally interpreted as a fortress or a place that is surrounded by walls, or also understood as a place that refers to the city. In Bali, the Pura (temple) is understood to refer to the place of prayer, for example Besakih Temple and others, as well as the name for the city such as: Semara Pura for the city of Klungkung Regency and Amlapura for the city of Karangasem Regency.

In the development of the word Pura not only used on the two things above, but it has evolved the hotel, school and so on. The use of the word Pura is also very popular in Indonesia such as the mention of Wijaya Pura to the Dayak Iban tribe kingdom in Kalimantan, Indrapura city in north Sumatra known as the Sultanate City of Siak. Jayapura for the capital of Papua province. In India the temple is written with a word pur such as the names of Jaipur, Nagpur and others. There is even a country known as Singapore or Singapur.

This discussion on the topic is more focused on the understanding of the temple as a place of worship "holy" that is in Bali. No wonder Bali Island besides its beauty also in dub with Thousand Temple Island, because so many and varieties of temples in Bali. In general, it can be included in groups of four large types of temples in Bali namely: Kahyangan Jagat temple, Kahyangan Tiga temple, Swagina Temple, and Kawitan temple.

Each of these types of four large groups spread all over the wind of the island of Bali, even for the smallest Pura Kawitan known as the Family Temple, awakened in each of the family dwellings of "Sanggah Kemulan". At least there are about 800,000 to 1 million family temples. If the Pura is added again with temples in schools, in offices, in hotels, in each hospital, in each market, as well as the other three types of temples then the amount will exceed 1 million temples.

The whole of the temples in Bali, in large part has been built in the past and has been long before the independence of the Republic of Indonesia in the proclamation. Even some of them were built during the reign of Bali, so there was a temple that woke up hundreds of years ago. To know the existence of a temple can be traced from the inscription, or the Candra Sengakala found on the temple object.

If it is noted from the point of history, science, education, religion, culture, uniqueness, or the age of each type of temple there is very believed to be proposed and designated as a cultural heritage building, considering the age that has reached 50 years and more. In other words, there should be a lot of architectural cultural heritage in the form of temples. The question is that have the temple as the inheritance registered or registered? Further ranking can be made based on the importance of becoming the national, provincial and Regency/city rankings based on the recommendation of a cultural heritage team.

Problematics faced by Bali in conjunction with the existence of various temples from various presentations of space and time are in two positions of importance between as a living monument form with the intent and act of preservation. Pura as a living monument will experience the dynamic change from its owners or the pengemong and or the penyungsung.

If the owner is aware of the preservation rules in accordance with the cultural heritage treatment procedure, there will be no question. However, if the owners want to change the living monument object for various reasons without knowing the rules of conservation, will inevitably be faced with the cultural heritage procedures. The result will occur in the destruction of historical, cultural, religious, scientific and other sciences attached to it.

In Bali when the post-independence rehabilitation project ever took place and the castle.  All of the rehabilitation work returns the object in accordance with the original in the materials, ornaments, or the subscription. In addition to the two objects mentioned above, the central and local governments also in the year 1976/1977 when Soekarmen as the governor of Bali, implementing the restoration of housing village in Bali. Settlements in traditional villages were chosen on the basis of the object's criteria where the sustainability needed to be guarded.

The temple and castle rehabilitation project culminated in the year 1976 of Seririt's earthquake that ruined many of the legacy traditions of the past. The assistance was channeled by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Directorate General of Culture which was held by Prof. Ida Bagus Mantra, while the Expert Consultant is Ida Bagus Tugur. The new Order of democracy has been enveloped with excessive euphoria that gives birth to all true freedoms, all of which are alleged to have been deprived of liberty for approximately 30 years.

The architecture of the temple also affected in line with the passage of time that caused the appearance of more dull, damage here-there, tilted, or even have fallen. It is not even denied that with the transition of rice field function and beach for various functions impact on the disappearance or the effect of the role of Pura Swagina such as Pura Subak and Pura Segara. On the other hand the increase of the Community economy so that the desire to convey thanks to his passion is done with the repair and development of their temple!

The problem is as limited as the permissible changes? Given that most of the temple's heritage is the living monument that belongs to them. Architectural objects such as the heritage of the temple that will be repaired should be consulted to the experts in each district/city such as the Undagi, community leaders, architects, and the expert team of cultural heritage, either for those who have been listed as a heritage building or not yet, but potentially become heritage building. Thus it is expected to sustainability as well as the sustainability of the temple architecture presentation as a well-known cultural heritage.

This short study seemed late compared to the rise of mock development /improvement /renewal in all of Bali because of grants by one of the districts without considering the value of architectural cultural heritage that can be listed as assets of cultural heritage building. For example, there is a temple that is aligned with the land "Demolisi", then built new, old site used to be an open page at once for parking. The brick material is replaced with "andesit" black stones in consideration of durability and efficiency. But they forgot the value of originality, historical, philosophical, mutual gotong, and ethics are missing! In fact, our founding father was said: Never forget the history of jas merah  "red coat".

Let's protect the objects of the temples in Bali, which because: age, history, uniqueness, science, culture, and religion should not be erased or lost because of the importance of imaging. Is not the presence of tourists to Bali among others also to see the beauty of architectural works of our ancestors in the past. Our obligation is to take care and make use of it for the prosperity, welfare, and happiness of the Balinese people. Hopefully..