The Water Crisis in The Urban Tourism Area of SARBAGITA, Bali: a Perspective Geography

Bali with an area of 5,780,06 km square is a relatively small province.  The Province of Bali consists of the island of Bali and 33 small islands located in the south and north of the island. Given the small area of Bali Province, the water resources are one of the main problems in small islands. Water resources are one of the most important resources for human life in a variety of activities that include construction activities. Bali has limitations in terms of natural resources, especially land and water. Therefore, if Bali wants to be developed must pay attention to these two natural resources, so that development in Bali can be sustainable. Based on the topography of the island of Bali, the falling rainfall will proceed. Some are seeping into the soil into the groundwater potential, and some are flowing in the soil surface forming river flows as a potential surface water. This condition result- ed in the potential of Bali Island water more collected in the south, so it is natural that irrigated wetland areas are more prevalent in this area.

The island of Bali as a world tourism destination visited by many tourists, whose numbers continue to increase from time to time. The Government of Indonesia has targeted the visit of tourists who come to Indonesia for 20 million tourists in the Year 2020. It is likely that the number of tourists who will come to Bali will be greater than that amount. This is worrying that will threaten the sustainability of land resources (rice fields) and water in Bali Island. Several studies have shown the negative impact of tourism development on the potential for water. In 1990, Gembrong springs in Jatiluwih Village, Tabanan potential water tapped for drinking water needs. Year 2000, Subak Yeh Ho who is downstream of Gembrong springs drought and some springs under it discharge smaller, some even stop flowing. Other studies show that in 2009, Bali lacked water of 0.75 billion m3 / s. Viewed from the carrying capacity of the island of Bali, in 2009 there are 4 counties surplus of water. Whereas in 2013 only Bangli Regency that surfs the water (Sunarta, 2014). The development of tourism in North Kuta has resulted in a change of rice fields into villa buildings. This development has little impact on surface flow. However, it has a major impact on the irrigation water flow system, which is transformed into a drainage channel (Sunarta 2015).

The Development of Bali Tourism

The tourism industry in Bali is increasing rapidly, especially in terms of the number of foreign tourist arrivals. In July 2016, Bali welcomed 484,231 foreign tourists. That number increased 26.5 percent compared to the same month last year. In addition, July 2016 became the best July in history in Bali. In the first seven months of 2016, the number of foreign tourists visiting Bali increased 19.8 percent from year to year to 2.76 million foreign tourists. That is, Bali is on the right track to break the record of the visit of four million foreign tourists reached in 2015. At the beginning of the year, the government of Bali is targeting 4.2 million foreign tourists visit in 2016. However, it seems that the acquisition of foreign tourists will be close to 5 million foreign tourists. Goosling (2011) suggests that the average water needs of tourists in Indonesia of 300 liters / day. Of course the needs of tourists in Bali can be much greater.

Two of Bali's major markets, Australia and mainland China, are the largest tourist contributors. The number of Australian tourists to Bali increased 12.1 percent in the first seven months of 2016, and is expected to reach one million foreign tourists who will be the latest record. The arrival of Chinese tourists is even more rapidly, increasing by about 25.2 percent this year. Combined, the two major markets contribute almost 44 percent of the total number of foreign tourists visiting Bali in the period from January to July 2016. The arrival of foreign tourists (tourists) to Bali in June 2016 reached 405.835 visits, with foreign tourists coming through the airport as many as 405,686 visits, and through the sea port of 149 visits. The number of foreign tourists to Bali in June 2016 rose by 12.83 percent compared with June 2015 and increased by 2.86 percent compared to May 2016.

According to the nationality, the most tourists who come to Bali in June 2016 are foreign tourists with nationalities of Australia, China, India, Japan and the UK with a percentage of 26.23 percent, 19.20 percent, 4.58 percent, 4.47 percent, and 4.38 percent. In the period of January - June of 2016, the cumulative of foreign tourists coming to Bali as many as 2,271,608 visits. For that period, the highest number of foreign tourists coming to Bali were Australian, Chinese, Japanese, English and Indian with a percentage of 23.63 percent, 20.43 percent, 4.82 percent, 4.33 percent, and 4.08 percent.

Bali Water crisis, Space and Time Perspective

The willingness of the government to build and develop the island of Bali is seen from the Presidential Decree Number 28 of 2012, about the spatial plan of Java and Bali Island. The objective is the second, which will become the main national food barn, national trade and service center, an international tourism center based on cultural heritage and science, marine, ecotourism and organizing meetings, incentive trips, conferences and exhibitions (MICE). Besides that the important objective is the capacity of the carrying capacity and capacity of the living environment adequate for development.

Policies that will be done by the government in the main national food granaries are: Sustainable cropland farming, development and defense of water resources infrastructure network to increase the extent of agricultural land for food, controlling the functioning of cropland agriculture, controlling the physical development of urban areas to maintain the integrity of agricultural land crops, maintaining and improving the technical irrigation network on Irrigation areas to increase the extent of agricultural land crops.

Based on the Perpres and Perda clearly Island Bali will be directed to the development of world-class Tourism, and of course the field of agriculture is still a debate for questioning. Policies that will be carried out by the government to reach the center of international tourism based on cultural heritage and science, marine, ecotourism and MICE are:

Rehabilitation and development of tourism designation areas, urban development as a center of tourism dab strengthen access to infrastructure and facilities to improve the interconnection between urban and tourism areas.

Based on the Provincial Regulation of Bali (Perda) No. 16 of 2009 on Spatial Planning (RTRW) can be said that the tourism area will occupy almost on the entire coast of Bali Island, just a small part of the northern coast. Even the entire hill in southern Badung and most of Nusa Penida Island will become the tourism area. The priority area of RTRW Bali is the southern part of Bali, as it has rapidly developing criteria and is also a national priority area.

To achieve this goal, the physical form is determined in the form of Urban Area Sarbagita (Denpasar, Badung Gianyar and Tabanan). If the rule returns, it appears that urban areas will become a metropolitan city. Where Denpasar as the core city and Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan, Kuta, Nusa Dua and other subdistrict capital. The center of tourism tourism activities that exist tend to become more physically integrated. It is therefore possible to estimate that irrigated rice fields that are mostly located in southern Bali will be disrupted and difficult to survive. In addition, irrigated rice fields that are the source of life and culture of the Balinese, as well as the tourism potential of the island of Bali will be a kind. Based on the Perpres and Perda clearly Island Bali will be directed to the development of world-class Tourism, and of course the field of agriculture is still a debate for questioning.