SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF BALI CATTLE WITH ANOTHER CATTLE BREEDS IN BALI PROVINCE
29/06/2020 Views : 1052
I Wayan Suarna
Background
Bali
cattle is one of the leading commodities of the Province of Bali. Bali cattle
have various advantages as a type of meat, Bali cattle have a compact body
conformation with a high percentage of meat against carcasses. The fundamental
weakness of Bali cattle as a type of slaughter is due to slow growth so it has
implications for the effect on the level of meat tenderness (Arka et al.,
1979). Of course, these weaknesses can still be improved by fattening
processes, management, and improvement of feed nutrition.
Cattle raising in Bali is an
inseparable part of the integrated farming system that is still traditional. Cattle
are raised primarily for energy, as savings, manure, prestige, ceremonial
interests and foreign exchange earners for the community. Livestock and
breeders must always be increased in capacity, so that the opinions of farmers
can be significantly improved. Research on the improvement of beef quality has
been carried out by ruminants, as well as research on ruminants' reproductions
and fodder. It can be said that based on the results of previous studies the
potential of Bali cattle to improve meat quality is very possible in accordance
with the objectives of maintenance. The research mentioned above is all carried
out with reference to the aspects of animal husbandry technology and
management. Crossbred Bali cattle with other cattle nation is only done outside
the island of Bali. Bali cattle breeding in Bali to date has been carried out
with the pedigree system.
Bali Cattle
Existence
Bali
cattle (Bibos sundaicus) are native cattle of Indonesia, which are domesticated
from wild bulls and take place on the island of Bali so they are called bali cattle.
Bali cattle have been designated as native cattle of Indonesia, have been
spread throughout Indonesia and are favored by smallholder farmers who are
generally small business scale. Bali cattle easily adapt well to a variety of
existing environments by displaying quite varied production performance and
reproductive performance that remains high. The government policy to establish
the Province of Bali as a protected area for the entry of other national cattle
for the preservation of Bali cattle is very reasonable considering that
Indonesia in particular Bali Island is the center of pure Bali cattle. In
preserving Bali cattle, especially on the island of Bali, purification has been
carried out long ago, since the days of the Dutch colonial government. The
kings in Bali had compiled and implemented the statutory regulations (Cattle
Regulation = Runderkeur, 25 May 1948) which prohibited the marriage of Bali cattle
that were kept on the island of Bali and nearby islands) with other cattle
nations. Prohibition of entering cattle from any nation, in addition to Bali cattle
to Bali has also been carried out. This policy is also supported by the
government of the Republic of Indonesia that Bali cattle are native cattle of
Indonesia and the island of Bali is a purification area of Bali cattle. Some
of the advantages possessed by Bali cattle are mainly their adaptability in the
environment with the availability of low-quality feed, their excellent
fertility abilities and the high percentage of carcass yields compared to other
local cattle nations. Another advantage of Bali cattle is having the ability as
a good working cattle. The change in color of Bali bulls from brick red to
black at the start of puberty becomes one of the uniqueness of Balinese cattle
that are not owned by other cattle. White stocking and the presence of a white
sphere on the bali cattle's bottom are very specific characteristics too. The
red brick color of Bali cattle is often used as a unique symbol because it
departs from local germplasm.
The
results of the Djagra et al. (1979) showed that the average birth weight
of bali cattle calves ranged from 15.3 to 17.8 kg. At the age of 26 weeks or
182 days calf will be weaned when the average calf weight ranges from 66.4 -
80.5 kg. Calf birth weight is directly proportional to weaning weight but
inversely proportional to adult sex level. A large birth weight causes greater weaning
weight and faster adult sex (earlier). Calf in the third birth has the highest
birth weight, weaning weight, and Relative Growth Rate (RGR). The percentage of
weight gain (PTB) and RGR from birth weight to weaning weight were 391% and
0.438% day-1, respectively. At the seventh birth, calf birth weight decreased
followed by a decrease in weaning weight of PTB and RGR.
Weaning
weight reflects the resultant ability of the parent (genetic factors) with
environmental factors (environment). Heritability factor of weaning weight is
30% on average (when the age is 180-240 days), this means that 70% comes from
other factors such as milk production, food supply and management. PTB is
calculated by: (W2 - W1) / W1 x 100%, while RGR is calculated by: (W2 - W1) /
(t2 - t1) W2 x 100%. Birth weight and weaning weight of bulls higher than
female cattle, respectively 17.1 kg and 15.2 kg for birth weight, while 75.9 kg
and 72.7 kg for cattle weight.
Veal
and vealer research has been conducted by Msudana (1982) who concluded that
veal and vealer can be produced from male calves that are given concentrate
supplementation. Female calves are not good because the meat contains rather
thick fat. Veg and vealer production does not conflict with animal husbandry
policy. In order for farmers to produce veal and vealer, it is necessary to
think about the price of premium so that farmers get a decent profit. Besides
veal and vealer, it is also necessary to introduce Balinese specialties such as
expletives and other types of dishes that have opportunities as branding in
some hotels and / or restaurants in Bali.
Increasing The
Quality Of Bali Beef
The
discourse of the Bali Provincial Government to improve the quality of Bali beef
in an effort to increase the supply of quality meat and increase farmers'
income has been published in the mass media as well as in several discussion
group forums. Some research to improve the quality of Bali beef through
improved management has been carried out both in Bali and outside Bali.
Improving the quality of Bali beef through crossing Bali cattle with other cattle
including Wagyu cattle needs to get very careful attention. Regarding this
matter, the following things need to be considered: Up-grading of Bali pigs by
crossing native Bali pigs with purebred pigs (sadlle back pigs and others) has
resulted in the scarcity of native bali pigs, it is very difficult to get
native bali pigs with performance. and the specific flavor of pork roll.
Crossbred Bali cattle with other national cattle have been carried out outside
the island of Bali, for example Balford (bali cattle and hereford) Cymbals and
Limbal, some cases were found in the results of the crossing, one of which is
reproductive problems found cases of infertility. Other cases that are often
found in cross between nations are the decline in livestock immunity so that
the resistance to disease is low. The things mentioned above become weaknesses
of the cross breed process (interbreeding). But it is also worth considering
the benefits of cross-breeding. Cross breeding is one of the steps to breed to
improve the genetic quality of a livestock nation. The possibility of heterosis
occurs where the superior gene traits that exist in the parent will decrease in
offspring. However, measures to improve genetic quality by crossbreeding must,
of course, be carried out very carefully, especially in Bali cattle. The main
requirement to improve genetic quality in Balinese cattle with the method of
crossbreeding must be without eliminating the pure genes of Balinese cattle
that become germplasm. Therefore, its implementation must be under strict
supervision, carried out with appropriate scientific procedures and in
accordance with applicable laws. This is only possible to be carried out by
research institutes managed by the government and to prevent the contamination
of pure Bali cattle genes on the island of Bali. It would be great if this
program was carried out outside of Bali. Hope in the future if this step
produces superior new breeds, the island of Bali will become a source of pure
raw material for Bali cattle. As a source of pure genes (parent stock) will
have a high value and selling price, with conditions like this, the hope of
farmers to sell Bali cattle with a higher price can be achieved.
Some Considerations
1.
Increasing the
quality of Bali beef through crossing Bali cattle with other breeds cannot be
implemented in Bali because there are still opportunities to improve the
quality of Bali beef through improving the quality of management, post-harvest
and breeding technology. Improving meat quality through crossing efforts
requires a long time to get good quality meat.
2.
Increasing the
quality of Bali beef through crossing Bali cattle with other cattle such as
Wagyu cattle with the aim of improving the welfare of breeders needs to be
studied more deeply. Experience in the field shows that when the price of meat
rises where farmers will benefit more from the increase in price, on the other
hand market operations are carried out to reduce beef prices.
3.
The ability of
breeder resources on the island of Bali to carry out management to produce meat
equivalent to Wagyu needs to also be considered. Quality feed and concentrate
and special maintenance management are required.
4.
The magnitude of
the needs of hotels for Wagyu meat should also be considered. Do not let the
needs of a little but a lot of inventory so that there is a surplus that causes
a decrease in beef prices. Bali beef wagyo equivalent will be considered
two-quality meat so that the price cannot compete with the original Wagyu.
5.
The need to carry
out efforts to improve the management of Bali cattle to increase farmers'
income, for example improving the quality of feed, processing fertilizers and
others. Some research and panel tests that have been done before can produce
beef that has a tendency that is very adequate for hotel needs.
6.
The acceleration
of the certification program for Bali cattle breeds to increase the sale value
of Bali cattle for the welfare of farmers needs to be implemented immediately.
7.
The need to try
an innovative business by promoting bali beef as a culinary tour of Bali as a
tourism supporting product. This requires research activities which of course
require sufficient funds so that it can produce beef that is typical of Bali cattle
and is in demand by consumers.