TOWARD THE COMPILATION OF BALINESE CULTURAL ENCYCLOPEDIA: A MODEL OF AGRICULTURAL FIELD

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Culture consists of seven elements that are universal, namely (1) living equipment and equipment systems, (2) living livelihood systems, (3) social systems, (4) language, (5) arts, (6) knowledge systems, and (7) religious system (Koentjaraningrat, 1990: 7). In the Dictionary of English Language and Culture (LONGMAN, 2005: 336), culture is defined as "customs, beliefs, art, music, and all other results of human thoughts made by certain groups of people at certain times".

The treasure of Balinese culture in the form of a collection of lexicons (vocabulary) in agriculture, which will be arranged in an encyclopedia form, is one of the elements of the seven elements of universal culture. Balinese culture in agriculture is the result of Balinese thought that has been passed down from generation to generation. However, in line with the times, especially today's young generation, the cultural treasures of agriculture in the form of a large number of lexicons are no longer recognized.

The research of Koalisi Rakyat untuk Kedaulatan Pangan (People's Coalition for Food Sovereignty) in 2015 shows that youth in rural areas avoid employment as farmers because they think that farming is a dirty job and close to poverty. On the other hand, parents do not trust their land to be cultivated by young people. It's very unfortunate, Indonesia is known as an agricultural country, but from time to time the number of farmers continues to decline (Timor Express, 30 June 2016: p. 2).

The development of a language, especially for Bali, the use of Indonesian language that has penetrated various aspects of people's lives, including agriculture, is considered to erode the lexicon of agriculture itself. For example, the Indonesian word panen ‘harvest (paddy)’ for manyi (Balinese), if it is not cultivated in the Balinese language, will be destroyed in time. Likewise, the use of modern agricultural equipment, such as traktor (English: tractor), can shift the word tenggala if this traditional agricultural tool is no longer used by Balinese farmers.

1.2 Problems

           Based on the background above it is time to compile a Balinese cultural encyclopedia in agriculture. In accordance with the dynamics of community development and the survival of agriculture in Bali, the encyclopedia compiled must be able to answer the following questions:

         (1) How is the maintenance of the Bali agricultural nomenclature?

         (2) How is the development of Bali's agricultural nomenclature as a result of the

               modernization of agriculture?

         (3) What is the variation in the form of Balinese agricultural nomenclature between

               regions / districts.

1.3 Purpose

            A Balinese cultural encyclopedia in the field of agriculture which is compiled contains nomenclature of Balinese agriculture, such as names (plants, production tools, seasons, etc.) and ways (planting, harvesting, processing, etc.) with a complete and careful definition of everything related with the nomenclature. In connection with this, the aim of compiling Bali's cultural encyclopedia in agriculture is to document the treasures of the Balinese agricultural lexicon in the form of:

(1)   The nomenclature of the remaining Balinese agricultural fields that can be

      ascertained is the highest compared to the newly formed nomenclature.

(2)   The nomenclature of the new Balinese agricultural sector as a result of

 modernization in agriculture.

         (3) Variations in nomenclature naming between regions in Bali.

1.4 Method

           The preparation of an encyclopedia basically refers to a method called the lexicography method, which is the method of composing a dictionary. The thing that distinguishes dictionaries from encyclopedias lies only in their definition. In the book entitled Problems in Lexicography (Householder and Saporta, ed., 1975) it is stated about methods that lead to the "compilation criteria" that apply in the field of lexicography, namely:

         (1) range;

         (2) perspective;

         (3) presentation.

(1) Range criteria

          This criterion concerns the density of entry and the level of concentration about the restrictions. The extent of the data is a consideration in the preparation, in this case, the Balinese cultural encyclopedia in agriculture, whose allocation is one year. The data contained in it needs to consider the time allocation.

(2) Criteria for perspective

          This criterion concerns perspectives relating to the purpose of compiling an encyclopedia. The preparation, in addition to its benefits for the benefit of science as well as its use by the community.

(3) Presentation criteria

  This criterion relates to the definition of space that must be complete and accurate and

easily understood by the user.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (Hastings, ed., 1921/1961) and the Encyclopedia of Social Sciecnes (Seligman, ed., 1937) can be seen as the first two world-level encyclopedias that have been entered/stored in college libraries in Indonesia. The Linguistics Encyclopedia (Malkmjaer, ed., 1991) and The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistic (Asher, ed., 1994) have also long been circulating in Indonesia. Later, the encyclopedia by Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper entitled Ensiklopedi Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial,    the translation edition by Haris Munandar (2008), has also been circulating in the community.

 For Indonesia, the encyclopedia known to the public is the Ensiklopedia Indonesia by Hassan Shadily (1983). All types of encyclopedias, whatever their fields, generally show similarities in terms of presentation of nomenclature and their definitions. However, among all the encyclopedias, the encyclopedia by Hassan Shadily can be used as an example of the preparation of this Balinese cultural encyclopedia in agriculture. In addition to containing a number of nomenclatures in the agricultural field - even though in Indonesian - the presentation procedure is simpler than other encyclopedias. In addition, the encyclopedia, specifically for the name of the plant, contains its Latin name, and this is, scientifically important. Meanwhile, for the purposes of matching and elaborating nomenclature the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indoneia (Pusat Bahasa, fourth edition, 2012), Bahasa Bali: Tata Bahasa dan Kamus Lumrah (Kersten, 1984) and a number of articles in newspapers, such as Bali Post, Tribun and Timor Express.                  

An encyclopedia certainly does not include in it the theory and method of compilation. How the theories and methods of compilation are specific things that can be read in a book on lexicography. The Manual Lexicography by Ladislav Zgusta (1971) is a monumental work in the field of lexicography which is a reference for Indonesian lexicographers. According to Zgusta, there are four main problems that must be faced by a lexicographer, namely:

         (1) data collection;

         (2) data selection;

         (3) providing the definition of an entry;

         (4) preparation of entries.

(1) Data Collection

          Information obtained from experts/resource persons or writings of Balinese agriculture is collected through interpretation. This research was also preceded by a feasibility study whether data sources or experts who would provide sufficient information were available. This is a preliminary study which later obtained a number of points in the Balinese agricultural field.

(2) Data Selection

          Data selection needs to be done so that the density and the level of concentration in limiting data are in accordance with the allocation of research time (Householder and Saporta, ed., 1975). Data selection is also related to the possibility of information sharing between one entry and another. For example, there are differences in names caused by different sources of origin in Bali. If this happens then it should be noted as much as possible because in an encyclopedia there should be no cross-reference.

(3) Provision of Definitions

         The definition in an encyclopedia describes in complete and careful terms about the item. The entry points in the encyclopedia can be in the form of nouns, verbs, or perhaps other word categories. However, the overall definition must be a noun. Because it bears the name "nomenclature", verbs or other word categories in their definitions are made in the form of nouns, there is a parallel between the entries and their diffinences (see Darma Laksana, 2014: 27-28). In addition, as stated above, as far as possible the definition contains the Latin name of the nomenclature concerned.

(4) Preparation of the Lema

          The preparation of the entry is done after the definition is complete. The result is a collection of cartotons (entry cards and their definitions). Entry sequences are arranged alphabetically. This later became an encyclopedia manuscript compiled.

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 Nomenclature and definition

Encyclopedia is a term that refers to a book (or series of books) that collects information or descriptions of various things in the field of art and science, which are arranged alphabetically or according to the scientific environment. Thus, the Balinese cultural encyclopedia in agriculture is an encyclopedia containing information about Bali's agricultural fields. This encyclopedia, in its torso, contains notes of the word repertoire, also called nomenclature, in Balinese, with its definition in Indonesian, which includes:

             (1) general nomenclature that is well known in the field of Balinese agriculture;

             (2) new nomenclature along with the dynamics in the field of Balinese agriculture;

             (3) variations in nomenclature of agriculture from various regions / regencies in Bali.

             Furthermore, analysis in the field of lexicography, including the encyclopedia, is in the form of microstructure analysis of macrostructure/nomenclature. Below is an analysis of sidenuk rice varieties nomenclature, which is a new input into Balinese agriculture. This superior rice variety is cultivated in Tukad Mungga Village by Subak Banjar Tengah farmers, Buleleng Regency. The embryo of the introduction of the sidenuk rice variety is the result of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) of the Buleleng Government with the Badan Atom Nasional/BATAN (National Atomic Energy Agency). The first harvest was held on May 17, 2018 with the results of 88 quintals per hectare of harvested dry grain (GKP) which resolved the production of other high-yielding rice with only 66 quintals per hectare of GKP (Quoted from Bali Post, May 21, 2018: p. 1).

           Nomenclature, which is also called macrostructure, is an entry that is given a description or definition called encyclopedic definition. An encyclopedic definition contains a complete and careful account of the item. Nomenclature itself means name or naming so that any category other than nouns, such as verbs and adjectives, is generally called nomenclature.

           As stated above, nomenclature or macrostructure is treated as an entry. This entry as a macrostructure is given a definition called the article. Thus, an encyclopedia (or an dictionary of generosity) will contain the articles in question.

Example:

         Analyze an encyclopedia with sidenuk lema:

         Nomenclature/Macrostructure      Article/ Microstructure

                         sidenuk                          the first superior rice variety

                                                                developed by subak of the Petani Banjar

                                                                Tengah, Desa Tukad Mungga, Kabupaten

                                                                 Buleleng. Sidenuk variety cultivation

                                                                 from the existence of a memorandum of

                                                                 understanding (MoU) between

                                                                 Buleleng Regency Government and Agency

                                                                 National Atomic Energy (BATAN) inside

                                                                 Agriculture. The first harvest is done

                                                                 on May 17, 2018 with the results of 88

                                                                 kuintal per hectare of gabah kering panen/GKP

                                                                 (harvested dry grain) overcome the production of

                                                                 superior varieties of rice others with 66 quintals per

                                                                 hectare of GKP

3.2 Form of Nomenclature

3.2.1 Retention of Nomenclature

           Despite the influence of Indonesian and / or English, farmers still retain the names of Bali. However, for broader communication purposes, the use of Indonesian is inevitable. For example, baas barak ‘red rice’, still survives even though it is felt less popular by the market. Similarly, the type of rice commonly planted by Balinese farmers is called baas putih ‘white rice’, also still survive.

         The type of rice that is now cultivated by farmers is padi 64 (a kind of paddy’s seed), which is planted/harvested four times a year (rice with an age of four months). In the previous agricultural sector, the name of this type of rice was not known by farmers. The word padi ‘paddy’, in Balinese and Indonesian, both use the same word. Words or numbers 64 are words or numbers in Indonesian. Thus, absolute retention of agricultural nomenclature in Bali cannot be done. However, in general the nomenclature of Bali's agriculture sector persists.

          A specific thing happened in Desa Jati Luwih, Kecamatan Penebel, Kabupaten Tabanan, that the baas barak ‘red rice’ mentioned above is known as padi taun. This name, in accordance with the forming word, can be understood in terms of the "motivation" created by the community: "rice that is only planted/harvested once a year". Another specific thing is the use of fertilizer by farmers in the village. Farmers must use pupuk kandang (manure), not to use pupuk buatan (artificial fertilizers). Pest control in the form of pestisida (pesticides) is also not allowed to be used by farmers because it can affect the quality of rice produced. The aroma of rice will not "wangi” (smell) as expected by the community. After harvesting in a year, farmers try to plant other rice seeds, but never give results because the grain is quail, puyung, there is no content. Thus, padi taun/baas barak (rice/red rice) cultivation has been hundreds of years old and farmers have for generations obeyed the ancestral "belief" that this type of rice must be planted. Overall, the Regency of Tabanan is also known as the “lumbung beras" (rice barn) of Bali.

           Another nomenclature that cannot be maintained is celepuk, which in Indonesian is called burung hantu (owl). This bird is naturally a predator for rat pests. Burung hantu, the Tyto albaini type of owl is cultivated by Timpag Village farmers, Tabanan, by making it a rumah (house) called "rumah burung hantu” (owl house), abbreviated (in the form of an acronym) to "rubuha" (Bali Post, May 10 2018: p. 7). Thus, in certain contexts Bali nomenclature cannot be maintained.

          The same thing happened to pertanian rumput laut (seaweed farming) in Nusa Penida, Klungkung Regency. Rumput laut (seaweed), which in the local language is called bolung (standard Balinese language, bulung) turned out to be more popular with the Indonesian name, rumput laut. However, slowly but surely, the residents began to abandon it. At present, the development of the tourism world is beginning to be felt, people no longer need to bask in the sun taking care of seaweed, then choose to work in the tourism sector. Young people especially prefer to work in villas, cafes, homestays, land transportation (drivers/car drivers), and the sea (skipper or crew on a speed boat). In fact, Nusa Penida is known as a producer of seaweed, whose quality is one of the best in the world. In the '80s, Nusa Penida seaweed penetrated the export market, one of which was to Japan (Bali Post, 30 April 2018: p. 1).

           Klungkung Regency, in this case, was once famous for its seaweed produced in the archipelagic waters of the blue paradise island, the term for Nusa Penida, Lembongan and Ceningan (the three islands are included in one sub-district, Kecamatan Nusa Penida, and are under Kabupaten Klungkung). In 2015 seaweed harvest reached 100 thousand tons, then in 2017 it decreased, only 500 tons. Regarding quality, seaweed produced is now very different from before tourism rapidly developed in Nusa Penida. This is caused by pollution of sea water as a result of spillage/fuel pollution from speed boats or outboard-powered boats.

          As a result, the seaweed harvest was not as fresh as before, but now it is rather lemed, the term in the base Nusa (Nusa Penida dialect) and also the standard Balinese language. Thus, the development of seaweed farming which is increasingly diminishing in number, will only leave the lexicon items, which will be inherited by the future young generation. However, there are proposals that farmers stay with their seaweed, namely the district government must make a breakthrough, such as the construction of processing and packaging plants so that they can enter the export market ("Warung Global" in Bali Post, 2 February 2018: p.19).

           Other regencies such as Bangli with their agricultural land are located on the edge of Danau Batur, Kecamatan Kintamani, known as bawang (onion) producers, which are distinguished by bawang merah (shallots) and bawang putih (garlic). Bawang merah are not called *bawang barak, but bawang only, but bawang putih is called kesuna. These two names are used interchangeably, sometimes people simply use the word kesuna, but often people use the word bawang putih. Because the land is located on the edge of the lake, when lake water overflows, farmers experience difficulties in planting onions (Bali Post, 9 July 2018: p. 14). Bangli Regency is also known with the jeruk kintamani (kintamani orange). The name for this type of orange also replaces each other, sometimes people use the word juuk kintamani, but often people use the word jeruk kintamani. Besides oranges, Bangli is also known with its tiing (bamboo), so the name tiing bangli appears, not *bambu bangli. The type of bamboo with a large stem is called the tiing petung, which was once often purchased by Nusa Penida people engaged in the field of sea transportation/fishing to be used as kantih jukung (for balancing: tied in both sides of jukung).

3.2.2 New Nomenclature

           The sidenuk superior varieties of rice that has been mentioned above is one of the “new nomenclature” that has just been introduced in Bali. Subak Banjar Tengah farmers, Desa Tukad Mungga, Kecamatan Buleleng, Kabupaten Buleleng, have planted sidenuk variety rice to initiate a memorandum of understanding of the Pemerintah Buleleng with the Badan Atom Nasional/BATAN (National Nuclear Energy Agency) in agriculture. This rice variety was harvested for the first weekend in May 2018. The result is capable of producing 88 quintals per hectare of GKP. These results provide evidence to farmers that the Sidenuk production variety is above other superior rice varieties only able to produce 66 quintals of GKP per hectare (Bali Post, May 21 2018: p. 11).

          The findings of these superior varieties of rice are based on tracing data obtained from printed mass media (Bali Post, May 2018 edition). In addition, there is also a processing process called gabah kering panen/GKP (dry harvested grain), resulting from the release of rice grains from the stalk. One subak in Desa Timpag, Tabanan, has done a unique thing in preserving agriculture, namely by cultivating burung hantu (owls). This effort was carried out in an effort to overcome rat pest attacks. The Tyto alba type owls are made "rumah” (houses) which function as nests, which are made in a similar way to "gubuk kecil” (small huts", standing on a pole that is the same height as a wooden tree trunk. Sarangs or owl houses were established 200 meters from one nest to another. The owl house that was made was then called rubuha, short for "rumah burung hantu” (owl house) (Bali Post, May 16 2018: p. 7). Thus, the creativity of local subak residents has contributed to the rubuha nomenclature.

          It's different from the farmers in Desa Bantiran, Kecamatan Pupuan, Tabanan. Farmers in five tempek (sub-rice field), namely Yeh Saba, Tangladan, Yeh Kilung, Babug, and Semoja cultivate bebek (duck) to overcome the disturbance of keong mas (golden snails) that attack rice plants. The program in an effort to increase rice production has been carried out since 2017 (Bali Post, 9 July 2018: p. 7). So, the people's view so far that the snail habitat is in the trees, it turns out that it is also a destroyer of rice plants. Uniquely, local farmers can measure their agricultural environmental friendliness in the past by using kunang-kunang (firefly) benchmarks that are always flying at night. Now, such a scene is no longer found. The reason is the use of chemical pesticides by farmers as pest control. Here the creativity of subak residents has also contributed to the expansion of nomenclature in agriculture.

3.3 Variations in Nomenclature Forms

           As is known, the area of ​​Bali consists of eight regencies and a capital city. The eight districts are: (1) Badung, (2) Tabanan, (3) Klungkung, (4) Gianyar, (5) Bangli, (6) Jembrana, (7) Buleleng, and (8) Karangasem. One city is Denpasar. Word/term variations that mean membajak (hijack) for Kabupaten Tabanan are known as ngeluku, while in Kabupaten Klungkung called nenggala. For information, Nusa Penida, a sub-district, and including Kabupaten Klungkung, distinguished between nyonkrak (hugging) using a plow device called jongkrak, which is a type of plow that has a tooth (iron) about six pieces and a tengala (plunger) with a plow with one/single tooth. So, the Nusa Penida region that has dry land distinguishes two terms for membajak (hijacking).

          The word meaning mencangkul (hoeing) for the Jembrana area is called nyangkul because the westward agricultural terminology is affected by Javanese or Indonesian language. The word nyangkul is also known in the Buleleng area. Meanwhile, the word macul is known in the Badung and Gianyar regions. Actually, it is difficult to distinguish between naming an activity in agriculture because each district/city in Bali both knows certain words/terms in the same field. Moreover, farmers in several regions in Bali such as Jembrana, Tabanan, Buleleng, including Badung, many of them are from Java. So, the word numbeg seems to still be used thickly in the Klungkung and Bangli regions.

           Likewise, the name of pests such as balang sangit, because of the influence of Javanese language, in the Jembrana and Buleleng regions are also known as walang sangit. Perhaps, the more eastern regions, such as Gianyar, Klungkung, Karangasem, and Bangli, the names of pests in agriculture still show their authenticity. Besides balang, there is a rice pest called bikul (Balinese), apparently the more popular name is rats. So, people are used to using the rat pest term.

          There are a number of nomenclature agricultural fields that show similarities between districts/cities in Bali, but there are also variations in naming. In connection with that, the variation of nomenclature here is just providing information that in the field of Balinese agriculture there has been a dynamic naming.

4. CONCLUSION

          The state of agriculture in Bali has not been as severe as imagined. Farmers always complain about the conversion of agricultural land. This is the responsibility of the regional government, in this case, there needs to be clear rules regarding whether or not certain agricultural land / area may be converted.

          The agricultural area which is well-known as a producer of red rice, Desa Jati Luwih Kecamatan Penebel, Tabanan, has planned to make regulations prohibiting the conversion of functions in the UNESCO cultural heritage area. In fact, the de facto local community has a strong desire to avoid land conversion in the red rice farming area. Judging from the perspective of preserving the nomenclature of the Balinese agricultural field, in general the traditional (in the history of its creation from the beginning) still lives in the community, as contained in the "Balinese-Indonesian" regional language dictionary. However, as a result of the influence of the Indonesian language, it cannot be avoided mixing the use of Balinese and Indonesian.

           In connection with that, the presence of a Balinese cultural encyclopedia in agriculture needs to be welcomed. The resulting encyclopedia proves that the ancestors of the Balinese have inherited things that are very valuable for future generations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Asher, R.E., ed. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistic. Edisi I, Volume 9. Oxford etc.: Pergamon Press.

Darma Laksana, I K. 2014. Manual Leksikografi: Metode dan Teknik Penyusunan Kamus. Denpasar: Udayana

              Universty Press.

Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2012. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Edisi keempat. Jakarta: PTGramedia