UTILIZATION OF BALI CATTLE BONE AS A BONE GRAFT IN ANIMAL

                The results of Bali cattle farming not only produce meat, but there are other products such as skin and bones. Cow bone is one part of livestock that has many benefits. However, the use of less than optimal bones can cause environmental problems because the remaining bone has no economic value and becomes a temporary waste. Therefore, other alternatives are needed to increase the economic value and use of bone from cutting waste as bone graft material.

                A bone graft is needed to stimulate the healing process of the bone and fill in the lost bone. Giving bone graft material in case of fracture or surgery requires an ideal consideration because damage to bones with a width of less than 2 mm has good bone regeneration potential so that no bone graft material is needed, whereas bone damage with a width of more than 2 mm generally has the potential to smaller bone regeneration so bone graft material is needed to help bone regeneration. 

                The ideal bone graft material must have the potential to keep cells alive, not cause immunological reactions, be easily obtained, and provide strength around the bones, and not spread disease. The basic ingredients of bone grafts can come from the individual concerned (autograft), bone taken from different individuals of the same species (allograft), bone taken from a different species (xenograft) or from synthetic or natural materials.

                Bone graft autograft is the gold standard in performing bone reconstruction operations because it has three biological properties in the bone healing process, namely as 1) osteoconductive in which the autograft has a matrix that functions as a scaffold where new bone deposition occurs. 2) osteoinductive, in which autograft contains various cytokines such as changes in -β growth factor (TGF-β), insulin-like growth factor (IGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet growth factor derivative (PDGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) )) which functions to stimulate osteoprogenitor cells to multiply and differentiate into osteoblasts which in turn will produce new bone. 3) osteogenesis in which the autograft contains osteoblast cells which have the ability to produce bone matrix. However, autograft bone grafts also have some limitations, such as causing pain in the donor area, limited availability of material, nerve damage, and infection at the donor site. Because of this limitation, bone graft replacement material is needed and must have one or more autograft characteristics such as: osteoconduction, osteoinduction and osteogenesis.

                Xenograft is an alternative choice than autograft. The advantage of using bone xenograft lies in the material available in unlimited quantities and has biological properties as osteoinductive and osteoconductive. Xenograft is a graft material that comes from different species so to reduce the immune response to the recipient, the process of fat (defatting) and protein (deproteinizing) must be carried out. One source of xenograft material that is often used in humans comes from cow bones.

               Bone grafts from other species such as cattle, horses and pigs are now widely produced for human needs, but rarely produced for animal needs. Such conditions foster ideas that the production of graft material for animals, especially dogs and cats is very necessary. Bali cow bone material is very easy to obtain at RPH in Bali. In other countries, bovine bones are often used as xenograft material in orthopedic management in cases of periodontal, maxillofacial, and neurosurgery.