VOMITING AND DIARRHEA IN PUPPY

VOMITING AND DIARRHEA IN PUPPY

By

Dr.drh. Ida Bagus Kade Suardana, M.Si

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University

Dogs are social animals that inhabit the same as humans. The close pattern of dogs to humans makes dogs can be drilled, invited to play, live with humans, and be invited to socialize with humans and other dogs. Dogs have a unique position in a relationship between species. Loyalty and devotion that dogs love are similar to human notions of love and friendship. Although dogs have an instinct as a group animal, dog owners have a lot of loyalty and devotion and consider it a member of their own family. Pet dogs are often given names that are almost the same as the name of the owner. On the contrary, dogs consider humans as members of their groups. Given that dogs have a special role in the family, their health is very important to consider. One of the diseases that often attacks puppies is parvovirus.

Dog parvovirus for the first time was known in 1978, all types of dogs throughout the world are vulnerable or sensitive to this disease. This disease can take place very quickly (acute) even very often per acute with a very high mortality rate. The disease is caused by Canine parvovirus (CPV) types 1 and 2. Both have the same morphology, which is a non-enveloped single-stranded RNA virus and measuring 18-22nm. The CPV-1 virus is non-pathogenic (relative) and is often isolated in inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract, pneumonia, and myocarditis in very young puppies. The CPV-2 virus is the cause of canine vomiting in most countries.

The incubation period for 5-12 days. All breeds of dogs are sensitive to CPV. Dog breed Doberman Pincher, Rottweiler, Pit Bull, Labrador, Retriever recorded more (sensitive) than other dog breeds. Dogs of all ages are sensitive to this virus. Clinical features vary greatly depending on the age, condition of the dog, and the presence or absence of secondary infections. Subclinical infections are thought to occur frequently in adult dogs because many adult dogs have antibodies to CPV without ever being sick or vaccinated. The first clinical symptoms are usually vomiting followed by bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic) so that dog owners often refer to vomiting. Young dogs quickly lose fluid (dehydration) and die suddenly.

Transmission occurs naturally through direct contact with dogs infected with CPV, or foods that have been contaminated with the CPV virus. This virus is secreted through feces, urine, saliva, and possibly through vomiting. CPV virus in the stool can be detected for 10-14 days. Transmission of CPV transmission can occur through dog food, feed containers, beds, and cages that have been contaminated with the CPV virus. The invading virus immediately destroys the mucous membrane epithelial cells and the dividing bone marrow. The cells contained in the intestinal villi (intestinal), or kripe, have the most damage so that the digestion process is disrupted. Loss of blood fluid results in dehydration and anemia. The most severe events are experienced by puppies who do not have the innate antibodies from the parent (maternal antibodies) or have never been vaccinated, at the age of 4 weeks to 3 months.

Canine parvovirus likes cells that are actively developing (cell division) Dogs 3-4 weeks old have myocyte cells in the heart that are actively developing. So if at that age the puppy is infected with the CPV virus, it will generally attack the heart resulting in sudden death caused by myocarditis. Whereas if the CPV infection occurs at the age of 4 weeks the degree of division of myocyte cells begins to decrease but the degree of mitotic cell division in intestinal kripta increases, especially at the age of more than 6 weeks. As a result, symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea are more visible than with heart problems. In addition to organs with cells that are actively developing, the virus can replicate quickly in lymphoid tissue in the throat and then spread to the bloodstream. The spread of the virus in the blood eventually causes viremia (Anonymous, 2012). After viral viremia, it replicates rapidly in the lymph nodes, intestinal kripta, and bone marrow. Causing lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes, necrosis, and damage to intestinal kripta.

As a result of organ disorders above, the clinical symptoms that often arise are sudden death in puppies under the age of 4 weeks. In dogs over 4 weeks old the initial symptoms are vomiting followed by fever, no appetite, lethargy, and diarrhea ranging from diarrhea yellowish, gray with a characteristic odor to blackish-bloody color. If the puppy has experienced bloody diarrhea then generally only survive 1-3 days.

Prevention of CPV infection can be done by routine and regular vaccination. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent endemic CPV in many countries. Puppies may be vaccinated at 4 weeks and repeated 3 weeks later 2 times in succession and then repeated every year. A mother dog that has been vaccinated or has been infected with CPV will provide antibodies to her child (maternal antibodies) through her milk. Maternal these antibodies will protect for approximately 3 months depending on the antibody titer.