LARVA MIGRANS: A POENTIALLY PARASITES TRANMITTED FROM DOG TO HUMAN

LARVA MIGRANS: A POENTIALLY  PARASITES TRANMITTED

FROM DOG TO HUMAN

Nyoman Adi Suratma

adisuratma@unud.acd.id

               Dogs are stated as human friends from time immemorial, both as pets and help human life. Along with the development of the era until now, people who keep dogs as pets are increasing and the relationship between dogs and humans is also increasing. But without us realizing that there are several disease agents that can be transmitted from dogs to humans, one of which is a worm parasite called the migrans larvae.  Larvae migration are a process of movement (migration) of larvae of worms in various parts of the body and can have a negative impact according to the course of the worm larvae. In general migrans larvae originating from dogs are caused by nematode worms namely Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma. Brazilliense. Toxocara canis adult worms are commonly found in dogs, especially puppies and can cause pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs) due to migration of larvae to the trachea, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, coughing and mucus from the nose and can result in death of migratory larvae caused by Toxocara canis usually called the Visceral Larva Migrans and Ocular Larva Migrans, because generally these worm larvae migrate to internal organs and to the eye. Whereas Ancylostoma adult worm infections in dogs can lead to anemia and even death, because these worms are blood-sucking. And migrans larvae caused by Ancylostoma brazilliense are called Cutaneous Larva Migrans (Creeping Eruption), because these worm larvae generally migrate to the skin.

               Infection of visceral larvae migrans and ocular larvae migrans in humans begins with ingestion of embryonic eggs from Toxocara worms due to the environment or hands contaminated with dog faeces containing worm eggs. Furthermore, in the stomach, eggs hatch and release larvae, then penetrate the small intestine, enter the circulation, and then freely migrate to all organs of the body. In addition, transmission can also occur due to ingestion of embryonic eggs found in intermediate hosts, such as earthworms, ants, and other soil invertebrates. Pathogenicity  in the host is influenced by several factors, including infected tissue, where the most sensitive tissue is the liver, lungs, central nervous system (CNS), and eyes. In addition, the number of migratory larvae and host age (humans) are also influential factors. In organs generally larvae will stop and cannot complete their life cycle as in dogs. The larvae survive in the tissue and eventually die. The result will be an abscess or granuloma formation. Clinical manifestations depend on tissue damage caused by infecting larvae and the host's immune response. In the eye, migration of larvae can damage the retina, stimulating granulomatous reactions leading to visual impairment.

Visceral Larva Migrans generally occurs in children under 5 years, characterized by fever; enlargement and necrosis of the liver, enlargement of the spleen, symptoms of respiratory disorders (especially bronchospasm, resembling asthma); and even convulsions. Whereas Ocular Larva Migrans usually occurs in children aged 5 to 10 years and usually appears as a unilateral visual impairment that is sometimes accompanied by strabismus. In addition, retinal invasion can also occur, causing granuloma formation which results in distortion, heteropia, or macular detachment. OLM can also cause diffuse endophthalmitis or papillitis; glaucoma. In chronic conditions can result in chorioretinitis and end in blindness.

               Cutaneous larva migrans in humans generally occur in the tropics and sub-tropics, especially in children, agricultural workers or tourists in contact with sandy soil under the shade of trees and shady places that are often visited by dogs and cats to defecate big. Thus the place becomes environment contaminated with hookworm larvae of animals, so it is a source of infection for humans. Humans are infected by Ancylostoma caninum larvae or Ancylostoma brasiliense through the skin. Furthermore, migration larvae through the tissue under the skin form a tunnel that spreads from one place to another. Resulting in itching and causing a secondary infection due to scratching. These larvae cannot penetrate the skin under the skin of humans so the larvae cannot continue the development of their life cycle, consequently these larvae are trapped in the human skin tissue of the sufferer until the life span of this worm ends. Aesthetically the skin will look very bad due to the presence of worm larvae that live under the skin.