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Coral Garden in Badung Regency
01/07/2020 Views : 210
JOB NICO SUBAGIO
Coral Garden in Badung Regency Bali
Job Nico Subagio
Introduction
The Director General of Marine
Space Management of the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Aryo Hanggoro,
in the Seminar on Challenges and Policy on Cultured Ornamental Corals Trading in Indonesia on June 4, 2020, as a speaker
gave several statements that gave hope for coastal use. One of them is the use
of coral reefs in the context of economic transformation, as directed by the
President of the Republic of Indonesia at the time of his inauguration. Ten Establishment
of the National Water Conservation Area (KKPN) have been established, not only prioritizing
conservation issues, but also economic aspects. There must be an economic value
that can be utilized as a source of foreign exchange and also for the
surrounding community, especially in the utilization zone. He also stressed,
there are four economic potentials of coral reefs that must be developed,
namely aquarium ornament, with ornamental coral exports, fisheries,
biopharmacology and marine tourism. The seminar also revealed the internal
discourse of the Directorate of Marine Space Management to establish Coral
Garden and Coral Park. At Coral Garden various types of coral are grown as ex situ conservation , such as the Bogor
Botanical Gardens for plant conservation. In the Coral Park area, coral is
grown from the surrounding reefs that are already there as a means of
conservation in situ. The development
of the Coral Park is in line with the discourse of the formation of the
Maritime Tourism Village or abbreviated as Dewi
Bahari. Indonesia is expected to have Dewi
Bahari. The existence of this Coral Park will be a new attraction for Dewi
Bahari. Aryo Hanggoro called on the Regents in the coastal areas to develop
Coral Park in their respective areas.
Nusa Dua Coral Garden
One area that is already underway
said the Director General of Marine Space Management at the Ministry of
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries is the Nusa Dua Coral Garden (NDCG). Coral
Garden was initiated by the Nusa Dua Reef Foundation (NDRF) in mid-2006, after
the phenomenon of global bleaching. This activity aims to see the possibility
of coral growth in this area.
Initial transplantation
experiments on dead coral substrates and sand-coated concrete steel skeletons.
Transplantation results show that corals can grow well in the Nusa Dua area,
especilly on the Mengiat beach.
The addition of the structure
continued gradually in the following years. Until early 2020, NDCG has
installed 271 reef stars structures by transplanting about 4000 coral fragments
from 6 hard coral genera, namely Acropora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Galaxea,
Stylophora and Goniopora (Figure 1)
According to Pariama, this coral
garden is now inhabited by 133 species
of fish, various types of crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, several types of
soft corals, marine anemones, and others.
Safri Burhanudin, Deputy for Human Resources,
Science and Technology and Maritime Culture Coordination, the Coordinating
Ministry for Maritime Affairs said that the Coral Garden Nusa Dua could be a good
place for the collection of diversity of Indonesian coral species. It is hoped
that the artificial reefs of Nusa Dua can become the pioneers of the Indonesian
Coral Reef Ecosystem Mini Park. Of course this Coral Garden can be a tourist
attraction, especially marine tourism and can also be a means of education and
research stations for students.
Figure 1. Coral transplant at
Coral Garden Nusa Dua. Photo of the Hutasoit Pariama Collection
The Biology Study Programe of the
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University also carried
out several transplantation activities and made this area a place to conduct
practical activities and also a place of research for lecturers and students.
Coral Garden at Melisan Beach in Tuban
Another area in Badung regency,
which has the potential to become a Coral Garden is the Melisan beach to the
southwest of The Patra Bali Resort and Villas, north of Bali's Ngurah Rai
Airport Runway.
In the past this area was a reef
area that was good enough for coral growth. Coral mining by the communities,
airport development followed by runway extension causes diversion of currents
causing coastal erosion and turbidity followed by sedimentation which in turn
give an effect to coral survival.
The Bali Beach Concervation
Project by the Bali-Penida River Basin Office of the Ministry of Public Works
and Public Housing has prevented abrasion by constructing revetments, break
waters, submerge break water and sand filling in 2006-2008.
Submerge break water is a
agregation of stones in a tightly arranged block covering an area of 25m x
25m. At that time 16 blocks were determined, so that an area of 16 x 25 m x
25m = 10,000 m2 was available. The rocks are limestones originating from
Taliwang, West Nusa Tenggara. (Figure 2) In these limestones coral fragments were
transplanted. The coral fragments were taken from the area where break water
will be built. This transplantations is a compensation for damage due to the
work of Break Water N2.
Figure 2. Arrangement of Submerge
Break Water Rock for Coral Transplantation when the Bali Beach Concervation Project
for Kuta Beach is nearing completion (2008) (Edited from Arisandi Putra’s Video,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCkpml4M86Y)
Each stone before being placed
into the water were bored pairly. Nine
pairs of hole on each upper surface of the stone. The distance between
holes in pairs is 5-8 cm. The hole serves to nail a pair of spikes, which swoop
inward. Between the nails coral fragment was placed which then be clamped by draping cable ties, then
tightening the cable ties so that pressing down the fragment. Thus the fragment
will be locked tightly, see details in Figure 3.
Coral fragments are transplanted
onto the rocks and also beside the outside of the rocks which is on the edge of
each block. Fragments were transported from the location of the building called
Break Water N2. From this location 5447 colonies were moved . The colony was
broken down into fragments, branched colonies were transplanted as many as 9
fragments on the top surface of each rock. On the side fragments of leaf shape
colonies were transplanted. So most of what was transplanted was a
branch-shaped colony
Figure 3. Transplantation by
attachment and then tied with a tis cable. (Onaka. Et.al., 2013). Nails are
tilted in opposite directions so that when the cable is pulled at once it will
press down
After 1.5 years the transplanted
colonies still survive and continue to grow (Figure 4).
Figure 4. a.Growth of Acropora
nobilis (Onaka, et.al. 2013)
Figure 4 b. Colony growth in
general, within 16 months (Onaka et.al., 2013)
But after that there were no
reports on the results of monitoring, especially after the project was
completed. According to the fishermen slowly the colonies died en masse. Some
fishermen said that there was sand piling up along with the runway expansion
work
Based on observations in 2019, no
live or dead coral colonies were found. A pair of nails to clamp coral
fragments are still left on almost every surface (Figure 5)
Gambar 5. Sepasang paku untuk
menjepit fragmen karang masih tertinggal di permukaan batuan kapur
Those rocks
therefore can still be used as transplantation substrat again. It is important
to remember that the selection of colony forms should be preceded by encrusting
growth, which then grows as foliose corals, or tabulate corals from the genera
of Montipora, Turbinaria, Leptoceris and Goniopora. These types of corals can
still be found after 12 years the transplant project is completed. Small
colonies that can be called recruit that can still be found are the genera
Acropora, Favia, Gonipora, Porites, Stylophora and Platygyra. This small colony
appears to have been attached to a planula rather than a transplant.
This area will
become the largest Coral Garden in Bali, which covers 1 hectare, If the second
transplantation is successful
References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdLwwRC2CWQ&t=29s
https://www.mongabay.co.id/2020/04/11/indahnya-transplantasi-karang-di-nusa-dua-coral-garden/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sCkpml4M86Y)
Departemen Pekerjaan Umum
Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air Balai Wilayah Sungai Bali. Bali Beach
Conservation Project Shore Protection For Kuta Beach. 2007. Term of Reference of Invironmental Impact
Mitigation by Coral Transplantation at Kuta. (unpublish)
Departemen Pekerjaan Umum
Direktorat Jenderal Sumber Daya Air Balai Wilayah Sungai Bali. Bali Beach
Conservation Project Shore Protection For Kuta Beach. 2008. Implementation Report. Coral Transplantation
at Kuta Beach For Environmental Impact Mitigation. (unpublish)
Onaka. S , S. Endo and T. Uda
Bali Beach Conservation Project And Issues Related To Beach Maintenance After
Completion Of Project Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Asian
and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013
Onaka S., R. Prasetyo., S Endo
and I Yoshii Large-scale coral transplantation in artificial substrates at a
shallow lagoon in Kuta Beach, Bali, Indonesia. Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef
Studies (Special Issue): 336-342（2013）