Terrorism in the Path of History

Based on the historical phenomena and facts of terrorism, it has been known since centuries ago, when atrocities were committed by killing and threatening to achieve the goals to be achieved. The term terror comes from the word le terreur (French). Initially as a reference to the actions of the government by killing 40,000 people who were suspected of being anti-government. These events when the Revolution occurred in 1901 AD

In its development terror was also used in Russia to refer to acts of anti-government violence. (Ari Wibowo, 2017: 70). The beginning of the development of terrorism in the form of the emergence of misguided fanaticism in the nuances of a flow of belief in a religion develops towards cruelty in the form of killing of those of different sects. These atrocities were carried out by individuals and were also carried out in groups of victims, influential people in other groups who were not the same as their sect. The incident was a form of terror because it had a frightening impact on society.

Based on its history, terrorism has been known since the 11th century AD, starting with acts of murder carried out by a sect of Muslims, a branch of the self-calling Ismailis. The figure and founder of the Muslim sect (terrorist) is Hasan Sabah in Qom (the center of the Shiites) in northern Persia or in Iran today. Hasan Sabah has an extreme Ismaili Doctrine. The group captured the fort in the mountains, namely Alamut fort, in 1090. A few years later, the Hasan Sabah (terrorist) group moved their battle location from the mountains to the city center. (A.M. Hendropriono, 2009: 57)

The strategy of the terrorists is to disguise themselves as emissaries of pious people, but actually behind that they are a special team of terrorists carrying out suicide missions. As a reward for the suicide attempt is a belief that they will be guaranteed heavenly pleasure. After the end of terrorism, the terrorist defense area on Mount Alamut was captured by the Mongols in 1270. The presence of the Mongols brought peace to the people.

Referring to the history of terrorism, the motivation of terrorists has shifted from religious goals to political objectives. For example the Robespierre government mass executes innocent civilians because according to him terror is no more acts for the sake of upholding justice.

The modern era of the terrorist movement is not the same as the terrorism of ancient times associated with problems, such as between Palestine and Israel. To see objectively, it is necessary to explore how the history of equality between the two parties. The Palestinian state, historically includes an area which according to Jewish belief the Palestinian State was destined by God as the homeland of the Jews. If it is oriented towards the course of Jewish and Israeli history in Palestine, then the defense efforts carried out by Palestinian Arabs can be justified, because the defense is to defend his rights and defend his homeland from the Israelis who want to seize it.

Palestine was originally a British mandate region, a country with a large population of mainly immigrant Muslims. Therefore, in its politics, Britain promised not to leave Palestine. But in reality, Britain was unable to stem the flow of immigrant Jews, who came from various parts of the world to Palestine. America's influence exceeds Britain, after World War II many Jewish immigrants went out of the country to move to Palestine, believed to be God's land for them. Coupled with the Anti-Semitic (Anti-Jewish) movement, many have sprung up in various places on the east coast of the United States, which has encouraged the determination of Jews to flee to Palestine. Various events in Germany, Poland, Ukraine between 1930-1940 was the beginning of the thought of some controversial Western societies against the idea of ​​the establishment of a Jewish nation state. In 1932, the migration of Jews from Germany which originally numbered 353 people rose to 5,392 people. In 1932 the number of Jews entering Palestine was 10,000 and by 1933 it had risen to 30,000, by 1935 to 61,844. They were coordinated by the Jewish Agency, which made a policy of employing only Jews in the areas where they lived. This sparked a commotion with the Arab population in September and October 1932 as the beginning of the Arab uprising. The Arab resistance took place in the form of a secreet society or a secret society. Today, the form of resistance which has been protracted in the Palestinian people's war has changed into a holy war under the doctrine of jihad.
For Indonesia, terrorism is not a new problem, but has existed and developed since the new order. The number of cases of terrorism in Indonesia to date is approximately 742 cases consisting of two orders / periods, namely the new order (1966 - 1998). During the New Order (Soeharto's reign) terrorism cases totaled 147 cases, during the reform period which amounted to 595 cases, the details of which were under BJ. Habibie (1998-1999). There were 63 cases of terrorism, the details of which were in 1998, 3 cases occurred and in 1999 there were 60 cases. At the time of President Abdurrahman Wahid, 1999-2001 there were 206 cases. During the period of President Megawati Soekarnoputri (2001-2004) there were 78 cases, during the period of President Susilo Bambang Yudoyono from 2004 to 2014 there were 190 cases, from President Joko Widodo until 2018 the number of terrorism cases was 64. As a comparison of the number of terrorism cases between the New Order era and the Reform Order era, it is clearly seen in the New Order era that the number of terrorism cases is much lower when compared to the reform order of 595 cases. Even though the law on combating terrorism was created and enforced in 2002 until now. The case of terrorism in Indonesia which caused the most casualties was the Bali Bombing case, which killed 202 people, came from 21 countries, the victims consisted of 44.72% Australian citizens. Indonesian citizens 10%, English 11.06%, Swedish 4.52%. United States 3.52% and the rest consists of several other countries, damaging 513 buildings and 46 vehicles,
so economically estimated losses amounting to 7.2 billion. The perpetrators were among others by three terrorism figures namely Amrozi, Ali Gufron and Imam Samudra. The perpetrators chose to carry out bombings in Bali based on several motives. On a regional scale (Southeast Asia), governments in the region seem to realize that efforts to tackle the problem of international terrorism effectively are based on two main assumptions. First, there is recognition that the security threats that emerge today in the Southeast Asian region are not military in nature and require military cooperation alone. Second, this issue is plural and therefore it would be very inadequate if the efforts made to overcome it are only unilateral and bilateral. For this reason, countries in Southeast Asia (ASEAN) are required to make new breakthroughs in identifying 'new' security issues in the region and reviewing the pattern of future forms of regional cooperation. In this context, for example, at the ASEAN level, a joint meeting with the United States was held in the context of counteracting the international terrorist movement on 1 August 2001 in Brunei Darussalam. The ASEAN level meeting was held to build cooperation in the framework of preventing, disrupting and combating terrorism through the exchange of intelligence information. Then, the ASEAN leaders in the VII Summit in Bandar Seri Begawan on 5 November 2001 also issued a Joint Action to Counter Terrorism? In this agreement, ASEAN leaders condemned the terrorist attack as a "direct challenge to achieving ASEAN peace, progress and prosperity and rejecting any attempt to link terrorism with any religious or racial identity." At this VII Summit, ASEAN also issued an action plan consisting of 9 points of agreement, consisting of aspects of strengthening national mechanisms, increasing cooperation in the field of law enforcement, increasing cooperation in the field of intelligence information, and combating terrorism in all forms.

The Indonesian government in cooperation with Malaysia, the Philippines also through the signing of an anti-terrorism agreement which was carried out in 1992 in Manila. The cooperation agreement will serve as a forum for cooperation in the context of exchanging information related to terrorism. The high attention of countries in the world to the threat of terrorism, due to the high activity of terrorist acts carried out by international terrorist groups forcing a continuous cooperation in efforts to eradicate international terrorism.

Subjectively, known terrorists are perpetrated by hard-line Muslims, such as the al-Qaeda terrorist network. Pro al-Qaeda terrorist cells developed under the influence of the teachings of Abu Bakar Ba'asyir, Abdullah Sungkar and Aman Abdurrahman. Terrorism groups in Indonesia consist of terrorist leaders and executors, who carry out terrorist acts and suicide bombers. Since the decline of al-Qaeda's influence in 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq al-Sham (ISIS) has become a new terrorist group that has shifted al-Qaeda's leadership. (Obsatar Sinaga et al., 2017: 15).

As a form of efforts to prevent and eradicate terrorism. At the international level three conventions have been made, including the Convention on the Eradication of Terrorism, the International Convention relating to bombing and financing of terrorist activities. All three conventions include international conventions on international crime. The 1997 and 1999 conventions were ratified by the Indonesian government. Ratification of the two international conventions to prevent and eradicate terrorism. A country that has ratified a convention or international treaty means that it has committed itself to all provisions contained in the convention. The policy of combating terrorism crime has a clear objective, namely as an effort to provide protection for the community (social defense) and also as an effort by the state to realize the people's welfare life (welfare states).

In its development, the crime of terrorism in the last 16 years (2002-2018), continues to occur and tends to increase both in quality and quantity, as well as the perpetrators. In the latest development of terrorism has been carried out not only by individuals, but also carried out by one family together as a terrorism case that occurred in Surabaya on May 13, 2018.