VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE ON THE STRUCTURE SYSTEM AND CONSTRUCTION OF PINGGAN HOUSE (Book Chapter)

Abstract. Bali has a rich and abundant cultural diversity to the heritage preserved. Be it the culture of physical or non physical. Often a non cultural as background of physical culture. One of the current physical culture can still be enjoyed is visualization of traditional Balinese architecture. Each work of traditional Balinese architecture has its own uniqueness is generally from adaptation to the environment as physical and socio-cultural life as non physical. Therefore, each region has a characteristic architecture. That difference character’s are worthy to preserved and maintained as a cultural heritage.

The recent phenomenon is, diversity of traditional Balinese architecture many changes towards modern and tends to be common. For example is the traditional settlement of Bali Aga in Pinggan village, Kintamani. Located at the foot of Mount Batur, Pinggan village are categorized as Bali Aga traditional settlement reviewed from its physical characteristics. This settlement mentioned apply the style of vernacular architecture, because there was a connection between house form  with  the local circumstances.  Both the physical state of the village and the social life of the community. Houses in the settlement were all have in common a typical especially in materials and forms. The main material is bamboo, because it’s easily obtained and bamboo is strongly in accordance with local climate. Now the physical existence of the houses have been many progression even changes. Many houses are made from solid brick walls even some finished by paras stone. That’s why structure system and construction has been change. One of the perks of bamboo is simple, flexible yet strong. Based on the circumstances, this research was conducted with the aim of documenting the structure system and construction of traditional houses in the Pinggan village. Documentation of the structure system and construction will be classified into three: the head, body, and feet of the building.

Pinggan Village is a village located approximately 14 km South-East of the Sub-District of Kintamani with a total area of approximately 1500.58 Ha. In topography, the village serving Pinggan, Kintamani Bangli Regency is the ramps with height of 900-1300 m above sea level, rain shower is highly moderate, tropical with average temperatures ranging from 23°-26°c. (CCN Undiksha; 2014; The Pinggan Village; https://desapinggan.wordpress.com/sejarah/; accessed 19 may 2018). Topography, weather, and climate factor’s on the Pinggan greatly affect to it’s physical architecture. That’s circumstances describe of vernacular architecture, a style of architecture which based on local needs, the availability of building materials, and reflect local traditions.

But unfortunately, a great many changes occurred in this settlement, not just the use of the material, the physical form also. Based on interview with one of the native people there, namely, Mr. Wayan Karba, the traditional house of the ancients is composed of 2 pieces bale, namely Bale Saka Roras and Bale Saka Enam. Each Bale had different functions, Bale Saka Roras function to the bedroom, the kitchen, as well as a sacred place. Bale Saka Enam formerly functioned as ceremonial or social facilities but now it is  transform into the modern house. This is due to the existence development of the number of family members.

The buildings traditional Balinese architecture tends to use the concept of Tri Angga, i.e. the head of the building, the body of the building, and the foot of the building. Similarly, on the traditional houses in Pinggan. The head and body using bamboo, while the material for the feet now using hollow brick arranged. The structure and construction section chief of building structure using petaka-dedeleg with its main ingredients bamboo material. It has the form of a roof with shingles cover the bamboo material is composed of three layers with a fairly simple installation technique that is associated in usuk-usuk bamboo. The same as the structure of the traditional Balinese building construction, roof on Pinggan house also uses tugeh as anchoring the load of the roof that will be forwarded to the respective lambang (beam). On the roof is also used as a storage area for crops and kitchen furnishings. Which access from the Holy House. The shape of the roof is high enough that aims to get the thermal comfort inside the house, because  temperature of  Pinggan  is cool.  The uniqueness is, the roof structure at the fore was designed a little bit broken on the bamboo to get the fault shape as naturally.

For body building made up, sendi, saka, bale, lambang of which each material using bamboo and wood except for the sendi. System structure and construction on this section can be seen the relationship connection between the sendi, saka, and lambang. Facade of building material is gedeg bamboo. Same with the head of the building, body building also using bamboo as the main material. This is because many bamboo produced in this area. Nowadays most of the houses in Pinggan has changed how it looks. Gedeg bamboo, some became wooden walls, brick, or brick making.

Structure and construction at the feet of the building can be seen on the buildings is the bataran are without  pepalihan. Based on interviews with homeowners, formerly bataran was made of popolan ground. Now the undergone has change, bataran its made of brick making and content of soil popolan and has been covered by cement.

From research conducted, conclusions can be drawn that the structure system and construction at Pinggan house have been a lot of changes from bamboo material  replaced by new materials. Some of the contributing factor are the desire of  homeowners to follow a trend, there is a difficulty in finding material of bamboo, and the lack of regulation-regulation of local "framing" developments that indeed there will always happen. Changing the material, shape, and form Pinggan house directly also affect systems and construction. Similarly, in the style of the vernacular architecture is the style of "the language of the local architecture" has shifted following the developments and are no longer the uniqueness and character of the Pinggan village.

Key Word: Vernacular Architecture; Structure system and Construction; Bali Aga Traditional Settlement